Diagnostic tests, achievement tests, and intelligence tests are usually cited as examples of ____________________.

The correct choice highlights that diagnostic tests, achievement tests, and intelligence tests are classified as formal assessments. These assessments are structured, standardized tools that are designed to measure specific knowledge or skills in a systematic way. Formal assessments are typically administered in a controlled setting and provide quantifiable data that can be used to compare the performance of students against predetermined standards or norms.

Diagnostic tests are used to identify students' strengths and weaknesses in specific areas, helping educators tailor instruction to meet individual needs. Achievement tests assess what students have learned, typically assessing knowledge or skills acquired in a content area. Intelligence tests measure a student's cognitive abilities relative to peers, providing insights into their potential for learning.

In contrast, informal assessments are more subjective and can include observations, discussions, and other non-standardized methods used to gather information about a student's learning and development. Formative assessments are continuous assessments conducted during the learning process to provide feedback and guide instruction, rather than measuring overall achievement or ability at a particular point in time.

Thus, understanding that diagnostic, achievement, and intelligence tests fit the criteria for formal assessments helps clarify their roles in education and assessment strategies.