Teacher conferencing, peer editing, reflective journals, and anecdotal records are all examples of _______________.

The correct answer, formative assessment, involves strategies that educators use to evaluate students' understanding and progress throughout the learning process. Teacher conferencing allows for one-on-one discussions that provide immediate feedback, enabling teachers to gauge student comprehension and adapt instruction as needed. Peer editing fosters collaboration and critical thinking, as students assess each other's work and reflect on their learning. Reflective journals promote self-assessment and metacognition, encouraging students to think about their learning experiences and identify areas for improvement. Anecdotal records provide qualitative insights into student learning and behavior, allowing teachers to track progress and make informed decisions regarding instruction. All of these methods are aimed at enhancing learning and informing teaching practices ahead of final evaluations, which distinguishes them as formative assessments.